Broadband Internet Speed test

Bluetooth is an industrial specification for wireless personal area networks (PANs). Bluetooth provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices like personal digital assistants (PDAs), mobile phones, laptops, PCs, printers and digital cameras via a secure, low-cost, globally available short range radio frequency. Bluetooth extends a violet beam to another Blutooth-capable device, allowing both devices to exchange information in 2 ways: chat and WiFi.

Bluetooth is a wirefree radio standard primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range (power class depended 10 centimetres, 10 metres, 100 metres or up to 400 metres [1], ) and with a low-cost transceiver microchip in each device.

Bluetooth lets these devices talk to each other when they come in range, even if they are not in the same room, as long as they are within up to 100 metres (328 feet) of each other, dependent on the power class of the product. Products are available in one of three power classes:

1. Class 1 (100 mW) [still readily available]: It has the longest range at up to 100 metres (320 ft).
2. Class 2 (2.5 mW) [most common]: It allows a quoted transmission distance of 10 metres (32 ft).
3. Class 3 (1 mW) [rare]: It allows transmission of 10 cm (3.9 in), with a maximum of 1 metre (3.2 ft).

Bluetooth specification was first developed by Ericsson, and was later formalized by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). The SIG was formally announced on May 20, 1999. It was established by Sony Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Toshiba and Nokia, and later joined by many other companies as Associate or Adopter members. Bluetooth is also IEEE 802.15.1.

Bluetooth 1.0 and 1.0B
Versions 1.0 and 1.0B had numerous problems and the various manufacturers had great difficulties in making their products interoperable. 1.0 and 1.0B also had mandatory Bluetooth Hardware Device Address (BD_ADDR) transmission in the handshaking process, rendering anonymity impossible at a protocol level, which was a major set back for services planned to be used in Bluetooth environments, such as Consumerium.

Bluetooth 1.1
In version 1.1:

many errata found in the 1.0B specifications were fixed.
There was added support for non-encrypted channels.

Bluetooth 1.2
This version is backwards compatible with 1.1 and the major enhancements include

Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH), which improves resistance to radio frequency interference by avoiding using crowded frequencies in the hopping sequence
Higher transmission speeds in practice
extended Synchronous Connections (eSCO), which improves voice quality of audio links by allowing retransmissions of corrupted packets.
Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)
Host Controller Interface (HCI) support for 3-wire UART
HCI access to timing information for Bluetooth applications.

Bluetooth 2.0
This version is backwards compatible with 1.x. The main enhancement is the introduction of Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) of 2.1 Mbit/s. This has the following effects (Bluetooth SIG, 2004):

3 times faster transmission speed (up to 10 times in certain cases).
Lower power consumption through reduced duty cycle.
Simplification of multi-link scenarios due to more available bandwidth.
Further improved BER (Bit Error Rate) performance.

Read more in Wikipedia Bluetooth article.

A WDM system uses a multiplexer at the transmitter to join the signals together, and a demultiplexer at the receiver to split them apart. With the right type of fibre you can have a device that does both at once, and can function as an optical add-drop multiplexer. The optical filtering devices used in the modems are usually etalons, stable solid-state single-frequency Fabry-Perot interferometers.

The first WDM systems combined two signals and appeared around 1985. Modern systems can handle up to 160 signals and can expand a basic 10 Gbit/s fibre system to a theoretical total capacity of over 1.6 Tbit/s over a single fiber pair.

WDM systems are popular with telecommunications companies because they allow them to expand the capacity of the network without laying more fibre. By using WDM and optical amplifiers, they can accommodate several generations of technology development in their optical infrastructure without having to overhaul the backbone network. Capacity of a given link can be expanded by simply upgrading the multiplexers and demultiplexers at each end.

This is often done by using optical-to-electrical-to-optical translation at the very edge of the transport network, thus permitting interoperation with existing equipment with optical interfaces.

Most WDM systems operate on single mode fibre optical cables, which have a core diameter of 9 µm. Certain forms of WDM can also be used in multi-mode fibre cables (also known as premises cables) which have core diameters of 50 or 62.5 µm.

Early WDM systems were expensive and complicated to run. However, recent standardization and better understanding of the dynamics of WDM systems have made WDM much cheaper to deploy.

Optical receivers, in contrast to laser sources, tend to be wideband devices. Therefore the demultiplexer must provide the wavelength selectivity of the receiver in the WDM system.

The introduction of the ITU-T G.694.1 frequency grid in 2002 has made it easier to integrate WDM with older but more standard SONET systems. Today’s DWDM systems use 50 GHz or even 25 GHz channel spacing for up to 160 channel operation.

Recently the ITU has standardized a 20 nanometre channel spacing grid for use with CWDM (Coarse WDM), using the wavelengths between 1310 nm and 1610 nm. Many CWDM wavelengths below 1470 nm are considered “unusable” on older G.652 spec fibres, due to the increased attenuation in the 1310-1470 nm bands. Newer fibres which conform to the G.652.C and G.652.D standards, such as Corning SMF-28e and Samsung Widepass nearly eliminate the “water peak” attenuation peak and allow for full operation of all twenty ITU CWDM channels in metropolitan networks. For more information on G.652.C and .D compliant fibres please see the links at the bottom of the article:

DWDM systems are significantly more expensive than CWDM because the laser transmitters need to be significantly more stable than those needed for CWDM. Precision temperature control of laser transmitter is required in DWDM systems to prevent “drift” off a very narrow centre wavelength. In addition, DWDM tends to be used at a higher level in the communications hierarchy, for example on the Internet backbone and is therefore associated with higher modulation rates, thus creating a smaller market for DWDM devices with very high performance levels, and corresponding high prices. In another word, they are needed in small numbers and therefore not possible to amortize their development cost among a large number of transmitters.

Note: The term “Lambda” is also used interchangeably when referencing a specific wavelength of light.

From Wikipedia Wavelength-division multiplexing article.

Ericsson, the leader in third-generation mobile systems (3G), presented their Mobile Broadband Road show today at the Marriott Hotel, Green Community, Dubai.

The Road show attracted mobile operators from across the region, offering exciting prospects of introducing broadband on the go, in the Middle East whilst giving the delegates a glimpse of what Mobile Broadband users can look forward to in the very near future.

The operators attending the Road show included Saudi Telecom and Mobily from Saudi Arabia, MTC and Wataniya from Kuwait, Batelco from Bahrain, Syriatel from Syria, Faldete from Lebanon, Omantel and Nawras from Oman and Etisalat from UAE.

The Ericsson Mobile Broadband Road show was specially designed to demonstrate the manifold benefits of Mobile Broadband to the operators. With the tremendous evolution of mobiles and broadband, end users are not contented any more with accessing broadband on their PCs at home or work. They want it on their laptops and on their cell phones, wherever they happen to be.

Hence Mobile Broadband will address a growing need among end users for ‘everywhere, anytime’ access to email, Internet search engines, online music and videos, calendars and more. This will enable users to keep up with the online world, whether they’re traveling or commuting, which in turn means that companies can ensure that their employees are constantly in touch with their clients, suppliers and colleagues. By enabling them to be online at all times, companies can capitalize on mobility by increasing efficiency and hence bottom line.

By subscribing to Mobile Broadband, end users can expect significantly enhanced benefits. This will mean superior viewing experience with greater simplicity. Not only will the consumers be offered more capacity but they will now be available to access it at a lower overall cost. By subscribing to the service, consumers with 3G mobile will be able to download content heavy audio and video files as well as other large files and attachments. This will open up a whole new viewing experience to the end users and a new communication channel for marketers.

Ericsson is committed to customer trials featuring the mobile broadband systems, giving customers an opportunity to evaluate early on the significant benefits offered to both end users and operators alike. Ericsson is helping customers capitalize on this new revenue opportunity through a fast implementation and quick rollout. This has been made possible by combining Ericsson’s leadership in mobile systems with a market-leading portfolio of professional services ranging from network rollout to business consulting.

Ericsson is shaping the future of Mobile and Broadband Internet communications through its continuous technology leadership. Providing innovative solutions in more than 140 countries, Ericsson is helping to create the most powerful communication companies in the world.

From AME Info.

In a press release dated Nov 10, Cisco Systems said that it has set an industry milestone surpassing 50,000 routers deployed in more than 400 customers specifically for broadband aggregation, a networking solution area comprised of broadband remote access servers, or B-RAS, which deliver broadband services at the edge of a service provider network.

Cisco said that its products bind millions of subscribers to leading provider networks globally.

“Cisco has also consistently demonstrated proven expertise in working with service providers to help migrate from offering simple Internet access to delivering profitable, Triple Play services over IP NGN for our residential and business customers,” said Pankaj Patel, senior vice president, broadband and mid-range router business unit.

THE GALLOPING pace of technology change, sometimes throws up strange new terms and buzzwords. The latest is this business of `wireless cable’ — surely a contradiction in terms. How can a palpably wire-based delivery mechanism like cable be wireless?

As the Americans say, “you ain’t seen nothin’ yet.” The term is born out of the emerging digital convergence of communication and entertainment platforms. This is just one exciting, new technology that is emerging on the sidelines of the communication industry’s quest for the telecom holy grail: Triple Play. This is an omnibus term that broadly indicates that voice, video and data are all being moved to homes and offices along the same pipe.

The logic from the customer’s viewpoint is this: I have TV via cable and set top box; I have Internet via broadband — either through a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) or an Ethernet link. I have my mobile phone. And I have always had the Plain Old Telephone System (POTS) or landline phone connection. If only I could have all this serviced for me by one pipe and one provider.

The global telecom industry is presently saying to such customers: Thy wish is our command! And the ripples are just lapping up Indian shores. Consider:

— Reliance is starting to deploy its nationwide NetWay 100 Megabits per second (MBPS) fibre network to start sending Triple Play content to subscribers, probably starting with Internet and video on demand.

— Bharti have announced plans to extend their 40,000 km broadband cable network to 10 States before March 2006. Their recent partnership with the world’s biggest telecom player, Vodafone, almost certainly indicates an early plunge into the deep end of triple play.

— The Chennai-based Midas Communication recently unveiled a new product offering, Citius, where broadband triple play offerings can be sent over existing legacy Cable TV networks.

— MTNL and BSNL have invested heavily in the infrastructure to shift broadband services from fibre telephone lines to cable. The Tatas and their VSNL arm are morphing what was basically a dial up service into a lean and mean broadband offering nationwide.

Also on the radar of Triple Play providers is some thing being called IPTV — that is, TV delivered over an Internet Protocol network.

This does not mean the public Internet but a private IP network which will in effect transform the one-way experience of TV as we now know it into a two-way interactive experience.

We can check our mail on one part the screen, while the India-Sri Lanka One Day match is playing on another — to be enlarged to full screen only — when something exciting happens.

But if ARPU — the average revenue per user — after triple play, is set to rise sharply, so are the teething troubles. The level of complexity in moving such technology to the home or office customer is non-trivial.

Service Providers are aware that they will face steeply increased calls from customers if the hardware does not self-install or the quality of service deteriorates.

At their end they need to install new systems to address more sophisticated traffic management, filter and prioritise content and create appliance-aware firewalls. .

Which is why niche players like Bangalore and Redwood California (U.S.) based SupportSoft find themselves suddenly very popular. SupportSoft’s core offering is real time service management, arming telecom and Net service providers as well as connected corporates with the ability to retain customers and sustain competitive edge.

They do this with `zero touch’ programmes to remotely activate a customer service; `Smart Access’ software to automate the installation of a broadband connection ; even sending a `DNA Probe’ software agent to gather information about a user’s system — saving valuable time lost in voice calls.

Service automation is also about remote repair of malfunction. “It costs a thousand dollars to have a service expert make a site call; about $ 250 to have a high-end specialist in a call centre handle the complaint, $ 24 for a customer service representative (CSR)at the help desk solution and 43 cents for a contact via Internet chat.”

A toll free telephone Interactive Voice Response (IVR) system is about the same says Earl Hoskins, Senior Vice President in charge of customer support at Fidelity Investments.

The `sangam’ of voice, data and video may also see an emergence of compelling options like Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and IP TV and may trigger off what is already being called Quadruple Play — the addition of mobile platforms via a wireless umbilical to the wired `trishul’ of technologies.

From an article on Triple Play in The Hindu.